Thinking and Reasoning Over the Space of Ignorance–Knowledge Dualities and Polarities in Knowing and Science

This chapter of this monograph presents two essential elements for the construct of the principles of diversity and unity of knowing as well as the principles of diversity and unity of science, where the latter is seen in relation to the former which is the parent in a parent–offspring process in the epistemic field and characteristic-signal field. Knowing is a primary foundation in all human actions over the space of production–consumption dualities, where the space of consumption–production dualities is intimately connected to the space of neuro-decision–choice actions in all areas of human existence, where any category of knowledge as intellectual stock is a derivative from category of knowing as an intellectual investment flow. The construct of the diversity and unity principles of knowing and science is based on the fundamental notion that all human activities are neuro-decision–choice actions to solve problems in relation to things, analytically called varieties with characteristic dispositions that establish variety identities, commonness and differences called information–knowledge conditions. This foundational framework allows for the development of an epistemic field as a mathematical and philosophical entity to examine the thinking–reasoning path to knowing, the diversity and unity of knowing and the partition of the space of knowing into categories of knowing in terms of disciplines and inter-disciplines. This chapter examines extra factors in support of the primary and derived principles of diversities and unity in knowing and then questions, the idea of disunity of intellectual investments and accumulation of information–knowledge stocks. It set the stage for the examination of the organization of knowing as intellectual investment flows and conditions of variety information–knowledge claims as intellectual capital stocks over the space of ignorance–knowledge dualities.