The Principles of Diversity and Unity in Knowing and Science

This chapter deals with the conceptual and analytical foundations of the phenomena and conditions of diversity and unity in knowing and science through neuro-decision-choice actions over the space of problem–solution dualities and polarities, where the primary principle of unity of knowing and the primary principle of unity of science and non-science are established for identities and difference. This is followed by the development of the supporting derived principles. Categorial connectivity analytics are undertaken to show how all the knowing and the sciences are in relations to neuro-decision-choice actions under the social philosophical consciencism at generation points, where the dynamics of the social philosophical consciencism shape the dynamics of the generational preferences over the space of problem–solution dualities and polarities. From the space of problem–solution dualities, the dynamics of the social philosophical consciencism, methods and techniques of thinking and reasoning are introduced as meta-paradigms and distinguished from the organic paradigm of thought. All the neuro-decision-choice actions and the structure of variety problem–solution balances are defined over the space of cost–benefit dualities under the socio-psychological principle of non-satiation. Under these conditions, the knowledge by acquaintance as the primary category and the knowledge by description as the derived category are introduced and their relationships with the organic paradigm of thought and the space of meta-paradigms of thought are established. The chapter is ended with discussions on differences and similarities of information, knowledge, data, fact, and evidence.