Laparoscopic Treatment of Gallbladder Diseases

We reviewed the technical details of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, from the patient positioning and room setup (in both American and French techniques) to the description of the diverse technical variations to overcome difficulties due to intraoperative findings. We devoted particular attention to the instrumentation necessary for each step of the procedure and the role of the operating room nurses before and during surgery. We briefly described the instruments and technology needed to change the operating plan to a subtotal or open laparotomic cholecystectomy and to obtain intraoperative imaging (X-ray or indocyanine green fluorescence cholangiogram)