Stem cell therapy has emerged as a cutting-edge strategy in regenerative medicine, offering promising avenues for addressing disabilities caused by neurodegenerative, musculoskeletal, and congenital disorders. This entry explores the evolving advancements in stem cell exploration and therapeutic use in disability management. It specifically highlights the functional potential of various stem cell types, including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Emphasizing their exceptional competence to undergo self-renewal and differentiate into lineage-specific cells, this entry illustrates how stem cells contribute to tissue regeneration and functional restoration. Key mechanisms include the reduction of neuroinflammation, secretion of neuroprotective factors, and restoration of synaptic activity, thereby offering therapeutic benefits for conditions such as spinal cord injuries, Alzheimer’s dementia, and Parkinson’s disease. This entry also addresses advances in genetic modification and 3D organoid models. The FDA-approved therapies include hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation (HPCT). Although this entry provides links to therapeutic interventions, it will also carefully consider the ethical controversies related predominantly to ethically controversial ESCs, as well as the challenges associated with cell sourcing, donor consent, safety, and long-term efficacy. They evaluate the rapidly developing biomedical sciences with consideration for a broader societal perspective on disability to emphasize that an ethically and clinically responsible approach for stem cell treatment on disability will be necessary for the overall future course of stem cell treatment in disability.