The increasing proportion of older adults worldwide underscores the significance of maintaining autonomy, independence, and quality of life. Frailty and disability are closely related but distinct conditions that threaten these outcomes. Frailty is a multidimensional syndrome characterized by diminished physiological reserves and heightened vulnerability to stressors, manifesting as weakness, fatigue, and slowed mobility. Importantly, frailty is potentially reversible if detected early. Disability, in contrast, represents persistent limitations in performing basic and instrumental activities of daily living, often resulting from accumulated deficits and chronic conditions, and is generally irreversible. Prevalence estimates suggest that 10–50% of adults older than 65 years experience frailty, particularly those older than 80 years, while disability affects about 16% of the global population. Both conditions are influenced by biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors and frequently coexist with comorbidities, creating a high-risk profile. Early identification through screening and assessment allows for timely interventions to prevent or delay the progression from frailty to disability. Assessment tools range from physical performance tests and frailty phenotypes to comprehensive geriatric assessments addressing multiple health domains. Prevention and management strategies are multidimensional, combining physical activity, tailored nutrition, cognitive stimulation, chronic disease control, and optimized medication management. Multidisciplinary care, home and community support, and age-inclusive policies further promote autonomy and participation. While frailty can be mitigated or reversed, disability requires adaptation strategies to maintain function and quality of life. Recognizing frailty and disability as actionable conditions rather than inevitable consequences of aging enables healthcare systems, caregivers, and society to implement interventions that foster resilience, preserve function, and encourage meaningful engagement in later life.