Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a disabling condition, caused by damage to the peripheral nerves, located outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for transmitting signals from the body to the central nervous system. PN has diverse etiologies and is associated with severe symptoms, such as chronic pain, muscle weakness, gait instability, loss of balance and coordination, and many more. As per clinical evidence, such persistent symptoms can deteriorate the mental health of affected individuals, thereby drastically lowering their quality of life and social affiliations. Altogether, these contribute to the global healthcare cost for PN, making it a serious health burden. In addition, the scarcity of approved clinical treatment strategies calls for the urgent need to do extensive research to develop innovative and versatile therapeutic approaches that can target the underlying pathophysiological conditions to counter PN. In this connection, in this entry, the pathophysiologies of the major types of PN, their psychosocial impact, and the conventional clinical interventions in practice are comprehensively discussed. Further, this entry also highlights ongoing research endeavors to uncover the underlying mechanism of the disease as well as the emergence of new therapeutic approaches with their associated challenges enroute clinical translation.