This chapter outlines aeromedical physiology with maxillofacial practice for aircrew and passengers. It characterizes the cabin environment—hypobaric hypoxia, gas expansion, very low humidity, vibration, and high +Gz accelerations—and maps these stressors to craniofacial structures and devices. Operationally relevant decrements in oxygenation and cognition at routine cabin altitudes are reviewed, together with Boyle’s law-mediated risks for barosinusitis and barodontalgia, and the biomechanical basis for temporomandibular disorders under helmet-mounted loads and rapid head movements. Evidence-informed return-to-flight timelines are proposed across restorative care, endodontics, extractions, implants, and sinonasal surgery, emphasizing pain-free function, airtight restorations, stable occlusion, and avoidance of sedating medications. Emergency algorithms for in-flight facial trauma prioritize airway, bleeding control, and safe diversion with telemedical support, while dental avulsion and luxation management follow contemporary IADT guidance. Occupational health sections integrate conditioning, ergonomics, and bruxism management to mitigate chronic neck and jaw symptoms. Finally, the chapter highlights imaging and computational advances in hypobaria-linked neurobiology and craniofacial biomechanics, identifying evidence gaps and research priorities that can translate to safer cockpit interfaces and perioperative decision-making.