Novel Biomaterials Used for Cranio-Maxillofacial Bone Engineering

The design and fabrication of three-dimensional networks resembling native extracellular matrix (ECM) are paramount to simulate a physiological environment of bones to develop rigid and dynamic structures. This helps cell growth, differentiation, and migration. In this regard, scaffolds are potential candidates for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications in the craniomaxillofacial region from both research and therapeutic points of view. A suitable scaffold in tissue engineering is characterized by specific biological characteristics (bioactivity, biodegradability, biocompatibility) and osteogenic properties (osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, osteointegration). Biomaterials suggest promising features for bone regeneration purposes, including non-toxicity, dominant adhesive properties, high porosity, and good mechanical strength. To this end, various natural and synthetic biomaterials have been used for craniomaxillofacial bone repair applications. Their physicochemical and structural properties can be controlled via compositing with alloying elements and surface modifications. The present chapter discusses novel bioactive materials used for bone regeneration, especially in the craniomaxillofacial region, including polymers, bioceramics, and biometals. The beneficial characteristics and limitations of each category will be comprehensively addressed as well.