Operative Pharyngoscopy and Laryngoscopy (Microlaryngoscopy)

Examination of the larynx and pharynx may be performed by using different techniques, whether under local or general anaesthetic. The traditional method of indirect laryngopharyngoscopy using a bulls-eye head mirror to reflect light off a laryngeal mirror placed under the soft palate, to visualise a mirror image of the laryngopharynx, has been superseded by flexible fibre-optic transnasal endoscopy. This technique not only avoids the gag reflex often encountered during an indirect mirror examination but also allows videos and images to be recorded for review at a later stage, or to be shared, as needed, with patients and healthcare professionals.