Noninvasive Brain Stimulation

The pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the generation and maintenance of tinnitus are being unraveled progressively. Based on this knowledge, a large variety of different neuromodulatory interventions have been developed and are still being designed, adapting to the progressive mechanistic insights in the pathophysiology of tinnitus. Different forms of transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation, applied over the frontal and temporal cortex, have been investigated in tinnitus patients. Next to direct stimulation targeting specific brain areas, also nerve stimulation has been investigated as a potential treatment for tinnitus. In this chapter, we discuss the therapeutic effect and mechanics of the noninvasive neuromodulation therapies for tinnitus, their risk profiles, and potential future directions and developments.