This book compares oil conflict dynamics (or conflict processes) within the context of federalism in Canada, an established federation with a consolidated democratic structure and a decentralized federal institutional design over oil, and in Nigeria, an emerging federation with a centralized federal institutional design over oil. It focuses specifically on the relationship between oil and conflict over intergovernmental fiscal transfers. The focused comparison of this dimension allows a deeper understanding of the processes at play in the relationships between federalism and oil conflict in Canada and Nigeria, especially the nuances of the interactions between federal institutions, social factors, and political processes.