Climate change and climate variability have emerged as pressing global challenges, significantly impacting natural systems and human livelihoods. These phenomena demand urgent attention to adaptation and mitigation strategies, particularly those that are cost-effective and accessible. This study explores the potential of traditional agricultural practices—specifically fallowing and plant residue mulching—as nature-based solutions (NBS) to mitigate climate change and adapt to its impacts. By reviewing these practices across diverse global regions, the research identifies actionable plans that can be implemented to enhance carbon sequestration, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and build climate resilience in agricultural systems. The study further evaluates how integrating these traditional practices into modern agriculture can contribute to achieving nationally determined contributions (NDCs), aligning with international climate agreements. It underscores the dual benefits of these practices: minimizing reliance on synthetic agricultural inputs, which contribute to emissions, and leveraging nature-based approaches to enhance soil health and carbon storage. The findings emphasize the critical role of agriculture in climate action and offer practical pathways for incorporating traditional, low-cost, and sustainable methods into global mitigation and adaptation.