There are evidences with respect to microclimate change effects on land use changes such as swamp reclamation and deforestation. Knowledge and information on the climatic variation parameters influenced on the environment is needed for environmental study, assessment, and proper planning. Therefore, determining the climate dynamics on land use dynamics of River Ona is vital. The study thus analyzed the historical trends in vegetation cover and built-up areas from 1990 to 2015 by assessing the relationship between climatic variables (temperature and rainfall) and land use dynamics and develops predictive models for future land use scenarios based on observed trends along River-Ona, Ibadan, Nigeria from 1988 to 2008. The weather data were collected from meteorological station of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN). LULC patterns for 1990, 1999, and 2015 have been developed by the use of LANDSAT TM and ETM data (path and row: 191 and 55), having a 30-m ground resolution with the exception for the thermal IR bands (band 6) and (10–11), respectively, to model environmental changes and effects on the LULC along Ona River in Ibadan. The study also developed the Digital Elevation Map (DEM) and land use-land cover (LULC) maps of the study area using LANDSAT and weather data. LULC in the study area with the highest vegetation cover of about 78.8% of the total area in 1990. This reduced while the built-up area increased throughout the period. A strong negative relationship between vegetation cover and temperature, with very good fit of 89% (R2 = 0.89) indicating that higher vegetation correlates with lower temperatures. Similar trend occurs between temperatures and built-up area; the higher the vegetation, the lower the temperature, and the higher the built area, the lower the temperature during the LULC analysis. The study established the fact that weather dynamics has a significant effect on land use land cover along river flow.