Image-Based Microstructural Finite Element Model of Concrete Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles

Sample-specific image-based three-dimensional (3D) microstructural finite element (FE) models of the freeze–thaw damage of cylindrical concrete samples were developed. Each model consists of image-based aggregates, cement mortar, and air voids that were constructed using high-resolution micro-computed tomography (µCT) images. The voids were later filled with water that was subjected to freezing temperatures. The applied material properties and contact conditions were adopted from the literature, and the two modeled concrete elements were subjected to 40 freeze–thaw cycles under temperatures of 0 and − 22 °C. The frost-induced stress distribution, volume loss, and damage propagation were analyzed to investigate the severity and mechanisms of the freeze–thaw damage. The volume loss and damage progression were compared well with the experimental results.