This chapter introduces the economic inequalities in the global nutrition challenge and the triple burden of malnutrition (i.e., undernutrition, overnutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with a case study of Tanzania. It describes the global disparities in malnutrition, highlighting the coexistence of malnutrition in LMICs. The chapter presents explanations linking income inequities to populations’ nutrition situation, emphasizing their influence on food accessibility, affordability, and food security. We summarize empirical evidence on the link between economic factors influencing nutrition outcomes in Tanzania. Furthermore, we discuss Tanzania’s governmental policies, such as the National Multisectoral Nutrition Action Plan II, an evidence-based five-year strategy aiming at addressing the triple burden of malnutrition in the country. Through those explorations, we seek to provide insights into effective strategies for addressing coexisting malnutrition that consider the underlying economic realities, with the goal of fostering a more equitable and healthy future for Tanzania.