Historical context and inequalities: Brazil’s nutritional issues are deeply rooted in its historical context, including segregation and slavery, which continue to affect the population today. Racial inequalities contribute to disparities in social and income distribution, leading to limited access to healthy food for lower-income groups and exacerbating nutritional inadequacies. Food insecurity and malnutrition: Until the 1970s, Brazil faced severe malnutrition and nutrient deficiency diseases. Recent urbanization and public policies have reduced hunger, but obesity rates have increased, highlighting the triple burden of malnutrition, which includes undernutrition, obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies. The COVID-19 pandemic has further escalated food insecurity, with millions facing hunger. Micronutrient deficiencies: The National Dietary Survey (INA) indicates that while some vitamins and minerals are adequately consumed, significant inadequacies persist, particularly among lower-income groups and in certain regions like the North and Northeast. Vitamin A and zinc deficiencies are notable, with varying prevalence rates influenced by socioeconomic status and dietary habits. Despite Brazil’s sunny climate, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent, especially in older adults and women. Regional variations show higher deficiency rates in southern and southeastern areas, with urban populations like those in São Paulo exhibiting inadequate vitamin D intake. Vulnerable populations: Specific groups, including children under 5, pregnant women, and indigenous populations, are particularly vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies. Addressing these issues requires targeted interventions, including dietary improvements and supplementation strategies to combat deficiencies in iron, vitamin A, and zinc. Conclusion: Brazil’s nutritional landscape is complex and shaped by historical, social, and economic factors. Continued efforts are essential to address the persistent challenges of food insecurity and nutrient deficiencies, particularly among vulnerable populations. Comprehensive public health strategies are needed to improve dietary quality and access to essential nutrients across the country.