Diaphyseal Fractures

Diaphyseal long bone fractures are the most common fractures in the human body. The diaphysis of a long bone has many functions, the most important of which are to maintain its proximal and distal joints in their correct spatial relationship and to provide attachment for muscles allowing movement, the main function of the musculoskeletal system. In shaft fractures, the normal mechanical axis must be restored. This requires achieving consolidation without shortening, angulation, or rotational deformity. X-rays are the mainstay of diagnosis. AP and lateral views including the adjacent joints will assist in most cases. Plain x-rays will define the fracture and should be taken in two planes at 90° from each other. Signs such as pain, deformity, edema, and functional impotence are present in most diaphyseal long bone fractures. The most important elements of the physical examination involve detecting any arterial or neurological damage. The aim of the treatment is to restore the original length, alignment, and rotation so that the joints above and below the fracture are in the correct position. The indications for operative fixation or nonoperative treatment of diaphyseal fractures vary depending on the anatomical localization, the initial displacement, the personality of the fracture, and the available resources.