Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss among the elderly population worldwide. It is characterized by the progressive degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photoreceptors, and underlying choriocapillaris, primarily affecting the macular region responsible for central vision. Early stages of dry AMD are marked by the accumulation of extracellular deposits known as drusen, while advanced stages may progress to geographic atrophy, resulting in significant visual impairment. The pathogenesis of dry AMD is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, oxidative stress, inflammation, and environmental risk factors such as aging, smoking, and diet. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical examination and multimodal imaging techniques, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence, and color fundus photography. Currently, there is no definitive cure for dry AMD; however, disease progression may be slowed through lifestyle modifications and nutritional supplementation, particularly with antioxidants and zinc as demonstrated in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS). Emerging therapeutic strategies, including complement pathway inhibitors and regenerative approaches, are under investigation and show promise in altering disease progression. Given the increasing prevalence of dry AMD due to global aging, early detection and appropriate management are critical to preserving visual function and improving quality of life. Continued research is essential to better understand disease mechanisms and to develop effective treatments.