Pediatric retinal surgery represents a unique and complex subspecialty within ophthalmology, requiring highly specialized skills and a deep knowledge of the anatomy and pathology of ocular development. Unlike adult retinal conditions, pediatric retinal diseases often involve congenital or inherited disorders, such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), Coats disease, and persistent fetal vasculature (PFV). These conditions demand early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention to prevent irreversible visual impairment or blindness. Surgical treatment of pediatric retinal disorders is challenging due to anatomical differences such as smaller ocular size, clearer vitreous, and greater vascular fragility. Techniques such as scleral buckling, pars plana vitrectomy, and laser photocoagulation have been adapted for pediatric use. Recent advances in microincision vitrectomy systems (MIVS), wide-angle viewing systems, and intraoperative imaging have significantly improved surgical precision and outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach involving pediatricians, anesthesiologists, and genetic counselors is often required for optimal patient care. Moreover, postoperative management is critical, as children may require long-term follow-up to monitor for amblyopia, refractive errors, and disease recurrence. Despite significant advances, the prognosis of pediatric retinal surgery varies widely depending on the underlying disease, the severity at presentation, and the timing of intervention. Research continues to explore novel therapies including gene therapy and pharmacologic vitreolysis. Ultimately, early identification and personalized surgical strategies are crucial to preserving vision and improving the quality of life of affected children.