Ocular trauma is a leading cause of monocular blindness and visual morbidity worldwide, especially among young adults and industrial workers. Posterior segment involvement in ocular trauma presents unique challenges, often necessitating surgical intervention. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) has become an indispensable technique in managing a variety of traumatic ocular pathologies, including nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB), and traumatic endophthalmitis. The timing of vitrectomy is a crucial factor influencing outcomes. Early intervention (within 3–7 days postinjury) is often indicated in cases of dense vitreous hemorrhage or progressive retinal detachment to prevent proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and preserve visual potential. Conversely, delayed vitrectomy may be advantageous in eyes with significant inflammation or when wound healing needs to stabilize. Surgical goals include removal of hemorrhage and debris, repair of retinal pathology, and restoration of normal intraocular architecture. Advanced techniques such as intraoperative imaging, wide-angle viewing systems, use of perfluorocarbon liquids, and long-acting tamponade agents enhance the safety and efficacy of vitrectomy in trauma. Outcomes vary depending on the mechanism and severity of injury, with better prognoses associated with early surgical repair and absence of afferent pupillary defects. Vitrectomy is a vital component of modern ocular trauma care. It significantly contributes to anatomical restoration and functional vision recovery when performed with appropriate timing and surgical expertise. A multidisciplinary approach and careful patient selection are essential to optimizing visual outcomes in these complex and often devastating injuries.