Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a critical condition that can lead to childhood blindness, predominantly affecting premature infants. The disease is characterized by two phases: an initial hyperoxic phase that leads to vasoconstriction and downregulation of VEGF, followed by a neovascular phase where pathological angiogenesis occurs. Globally, ROP is a major health concern, responsible for approximately 20,000 cases of blindness and 12,000 instances of visual impairment each year, with higher prevalence in regions such as Asia, Latin America, and North Africa. ROP is categorized into five stages, ranging from the formation of a demarcation line (Stage 1) to total retinal detachment (Stage 5), three zones, and “plus disease.” Aggressive posterior ROP, a rapidly progressing form, poses a particularly poor prognosis. Screening, which is essential, typically occurs between the 31st and 34th weeks of gestation, with funduscopic examination being the gold standard for diagnosis. Treatment mainly involves laser photocoagulation or intravitreal anti-VEGF injections to prevent disease progression. Emerging therapies, such as propranolol erythropoietin, caffeine, and antiinflammatory drugs, are being investigated, although the long-term systemic effects of anti-VEGF in preterm infants raise concerns.