Electrophysiology

This chapter provides a concise overview of how electroretinogram (ERG) waves are generated by the retina, focusing on full-field and multifocal ERG techniques. It also covers the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standards, offering recommendations for proper ERG recording, including stimuli parameters, light adaptation, and electrode placement. The clinical applications of these tests are discussed, with detailed guidance on measuring and interpreting key ERG components such as the a-wave, b-wave, flicker response, and photopic negative response (PhNR). Two clinical cases illustrate the practical utility of ERG in assessing generalized and localized retinal dysfunction, making this a valuable resource for clinicians.