Neoinstitutional Theories of Innovation
摘要
Whereas in a classical sociological reading innovations represented a specific form of unforeseen deviance, neoinstitutional perspectives consider innovations as increasingly planned, measured, and evaluated. In this view, innovations have become highly institutionalized phenomena which in many, if not most, fields of society are normatively demanded and cognitively expected. Against this backdrop, this chapter, first, summarizes the most influential neoinstitutional contributions to the topic and provides conceptual foundations. Apart from showing what it means to argue that innovations have become institutionalized, we particularly refer to the notion of organizational fields as a nexus for producing innovation. Second, we elaborate on the neoinstitutional focus on the diffusion of innovations. Diffusion processes not only supplement the focus on innovations; rather, they determine the success of a given innovation. Third, we highlight the potential of the neoinstitutional perspective to reflect upon the societal impact of both the institutionalization of innovation and the proliferation of innovation studies. Based on such reflection, we argue in favor of considering a shift in perspective from innovation to endings, asking how established things fall apart, dissolve, decline, deinstitutionalize, or discontinue.