Multifocal, Non-lesional Epilepsy

This chapter presents a case of non-lesional, multifocal epilepsy of unknown etiology offered neuromodulation as a therapeutic, palliative surgical intervention. We discuss the possible surgical interventions available for this patient population with emphasis on deep brain stimulation. Furthermore, we discuss the different vagus nerve stimulator devices available for clinical use in addition to the programming considerations and parameters. We briefly discuss the distinction between complex visual hallucinations and primary visual phenomena. We also analyze semiologies such as ictal blinking and versive head deviation.