Passivity Based Modeling of a Two-Input DC–DC Power Converter with Constant Power and Constant Voltage Load

DC-microgrids (DC-MGs) arePower converter becomingPower a more viableConstant voltage loads alternative to AC microgrids (MGs) owing to their benefits in terms of simpler stages for the power convertersPower converter, more adaptable control algorithmsAlgorithms, and the absence of synchronizationSynchronization and reactive powerReactive power. However, nonlinearNonlinear loadsLoad like constant power loadsConstant power loads (CPL) could trigger instabilityInstability challenges for DC-MGs. These CPLs are characterized by incremental negative impedanceIncremental negative impedance (INI), which can cause voltageVoltage downfall on the main DC bus. The INI characteristicsCharacteristics are studied on a two-input fourth-order switched DC–DC converterBi-directional AC/DC Converter (TIFOSDDC). Here, a mathematical model based on energyEnergy concepts (Eular-LagrangeLagrange method) has been developed for TIFOSDDC. This energyEnergy-based model is very popular for nonlinearNonlinear circuits. Using this model state-space averaged model is developed for this system. For this converterConverter system, CPL is designed. This chapter outlines the behavioral characteristicsCharacteristics of CPL and its modeling, pertaining to a two-input integrated converterConverter. Here, a 48 V, 200 W TIFOSDDC is designed, and characteristicsCharacteristics are obtained in the MATLABMATLAB environment and validated in Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) with OPAL-RT4510.