Directional Relaying Issues in Power Transmission Networks

Due to the increasing demand for electrical energyElectrical energy, the limitation of conventionalConventional fossil fuels, and various environmental issues renewable energy sourcesRenewable energy sources are attracting more and more attention. Further, concerning the system stabilityStability and enhancement of the powerPower transmission capacity flexible alternating currentAlternating current transmission systemTransmission system (FACTS) devices are playing a vital role. However, the incorporation of such power electronicsPower electronics-based devices causes variationVariation in power systemPower systems dynamics and demands up-gradation of existing protection schemes. The objective of this chapter includes directional relaying issues in the transmission networkNetwork in the presence of various FACTS controllersController and a photovoltaicPhotovoltaic solarSolar plant. This chapter begins with the issues arising due to the presence of aforesaid devices. Next, new directional relaying techniques are presented to counter their effect. Various test cases are modeled using EMTDC/PSCAD. The proposed methods are analyzed using MATLABMATLAB. Numerous scenarios are taken in each case and few of them are discussed. The results obtained in all the cases show the efficacy of the proposed methods.