Paulus’s unauthorized publication of a transcript of the lecture course that Schelling gave during the winter semester of 1841–1842 at the University of Berlin was, besides Schelling’s Preface to Cousin’s Philosophical Fragments and other transcripts of Schelling’s earlier lecture courses that were uncontrollably circulated all over Europe, the decisive source of Feuerbach’s and Marx’s critique of Hegel’s ontology. In what follows, I first situate the Berlin event in its historical context and then show that Marx appropriates Schelling’s critique point by point, including the idea that human reality is profoundly alienated from nature.