Basics of Biological Sensors

Biological sensors are a consolidated section of numerous engineered systems, outputs, and production processes as they provide monitoring, safety, feedback, and other advantages. They are devices where biomolecule or biomimetic structures are closely coupled to a chemo or physical transducer, turning the biorecognition signal into measurable information. According to the biorecognition receptor and transducer element, several biosensors exist. Interestingly, the biosensor can work with a minimal quantity of the biological sample showing high selectivity, sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, linearity, and accuracy. Hence, their technology has attracted much interest in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food testing. The future perspective pointed to the rapid expansion of the biosensor’s importance to be crucial in the coming years. Therefore, this chapter will focus on an overview of biological sensors and their principles as analytical tools, stating the different types of biological sensors and their applications. Ultimately, it will highlight the ongoing research trends, future problems, and limitations of biosensors.