Nanoelectrochemical Biosensors: Principles, Architectures Applications, and Future Directions

Determination of chemical, biochemical, biological active compounds, microbial pathogens, or their secreted extra-and/intracellular toxins is extremely necessary for biotechnological, biological, biomedical, industrial, and environmental applications. To overcome all reported challenges on using the advanced instrumental analytical techniques, sensors and biosensors offer the highest convenient and cost-effective means to quantify the content of targeting analyte(s), a single or multiple species, with high accuracy and short time of analysis without performing any sample pre-treatments. Hence, due to the high importance of biosensors, this chapter is introduced to discuss all fundamentals and basics for the construction of high efficacy electrochemical sensors and biosensors. The book chapter will tackle concepts and uses of most common electrochemical techniques including field-effect transistor-based methods, impedance spectroscopy, potentiometry, amperometry, and voltammetry. Recent advances such as using nanomaterials to improve sensing and biosensing capacity have been intensively discussed. Recent advances in biomedical applications of nano-biosensors including cancer diagnosis, virus and pathogen detection, point of care and health prognosis, and food biosensing have been discussed. Soon, the smart and intelligent biosensor exploitation and commercialization will be strongly assisted by artificial intelligence and by machine learning.