Teratogenic Factors Contributing to the Development of Congenital Heart Defects

The development of congenital heart defects (CHDs) is likely a combination of genetic and nongenetic influences. Unfortunately, CHD prevention has been hindered by a lack of conclusive information on modifiable risk factors. This chapter discusses general concepts about risk assessment and synthesizes current knowledge about nongenetic maternal and environmental risk factors. The factors presented have at least one investigation with a significant finding suggesting evidence of a positive association with CHDs. Maternal nongenetic risk factors reviewed include sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, therapeutic medication use, nontherapeutic drug use, and environmental exposures. Some risk factors are clear prevention targets based on current evidence, while others have inconsistent risk estimates in the literature, warranting further investigation. Pre-pregnancy planning, which includes a discussion with a healthcare provider of the various risk factors for CHDs, may improve a woman’s chance of having a healthy pregnancy and delivery. Additional information regarding these risk factors and others can be found in the primary citations, published reviews, and through the Teratogen Information Services (TIS).