Over the past twenty years, financial institutions around the world have faced notable transformations in the business environment in which they operate. This period has seen a rise in the importance of anti-money laundering compliance, which has become a focal point not only in news reports but also in the strategic discussions at the highest levels of organization leadership. Financial institutions across the globe have faced significant challenges in terms of AML compliance and risk management efforts, and this may mean a return to the basics, or a larger transformational effort. In this chapter, we discuss some of the challenges faced by some financial institutions across various parts of their compliance/risk management efforts.