Offshore Wind Turbine Technologies: Last 10 Years and Future Trends

This chapter first provides an overview of significant technological advancements in offshore wind over the past decade, highlighting the progression from 5 MW to turbines exceeding 15 MW. Various floating concepts were explored, with the spar type currently being the sole commercial example. The semisubmersible concept gained popularity due to its construction flexibility, allowing dry-dock assembly and transport as a single unit. The tension-leg platform (TLP) concept faced challenges, likely attributed to demanding tether design requirements. High-speed drivetrains saw reduced popularity in higher MW classes, with medium-speed and direct-driven drivetrains gaining favor, driven by commodity price pressures. Grid integration technologies were developed to address energy supply fluctuation issues caused by wind energy, and multiuse platforms integrating ocean activities were explored. The chapter then outlines future technological trends, such as the current wind farm layout optimization research, including wake models and placement optimization. Artificial intelligence (AI), which is increasingly utilized in design and operational phases for optimization and inspection efficiency, is discussed. Shared mooring and power cable systems are explored to reduce equipment installation costs. The chapter also discusses the growing interest in utilizing offshore wind power for green hydrogen and ammonia production. Finally, the chapter discusses the rising emphasis on using sustainable materials in offshore wind, including green steel, green concrete, and even wood, as an alternative to steel.