Biotechnology is progressively considered a pillar of Indian climate policy, offering new avenues for adaptation and mitigation strategies. Based on ecological modernization theory and technological determinism and moderated by the precautionary principle and distributive justice, this chapter considers the possible advantages and disadvantages of incorporating biotechnologies spanning drought-resistant crops and biofuels to GMOs, carbon capture processes, and bioenergy into an ecologically and socio-economically diverse nation. Case studies show how the technologies can decouple economic growth from environmental degradation; however, they show distributional, ethical, and safety issues when legislative action lags behind technological progress. The analysis critically reviews existing governance regimes, including the Cartagena Protocol and the stuck Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Bill, underlining deficits in risk assessment, public participation, and ethical control. Based on international best practice, the chapter proposes a governance regime balancing scientific innovation with firm caution, ensuring equitable benefit-sharing, and integrating local knowledge. By integrating diverse theoretical approaches, empirical evidence, and comparative policy analysis, it argues that an inclusive and precautionary-oriented bio-innovation system can facilitate India’s climate goals without endangering vulnerable groups and ecosystems. If accompanied by open, flexible regulation and participatory debate, ethical and sustainable biotechnology can be a catalyst to low-carbon, climate-resilient development.