The territorial losses and the progressive decline of Islamic nations in relation to the West throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries prompted numerous leaders, philosophers, and intellectuals to seek innovative remedies. During the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire sought innovative remedies and endeavored to promote Islamic unity as a remedy. The caliphate occupied a pivotal role in the endeavors undertaken throughout this period. Following the dissolution of the caliphate in 1924, the “Muslim Brotherhood” originated in Egypt, subsequently inspiring the formation of analogous groups in several nations. For an extended period in Turkey, Islamist factions have endorsed numerous political parties and urged them to enhance their circumstances. Following the Second World War, numerous Muslim nations underwent decolonization and sought systems rooted in Islamic ideals. This entry analyzes the concept of Islam in its initial phase and thereafter explores the evolution of political Islam to the present day.