Al-Māwardī

Abū al-Ḥasan ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥabīb al-Baṣrī al-Māwardī, known in Latin as Alboacen (972–1058 CE), was born in Baṣrah, son of a rose-water merchant, and was a Muslim jurist of the Shafi’i school most remembered for his works on religion, government, the caliphate, and public and constitutional law during a time of political turmoil. Appointed as the chief judge (qadi) over several districts near Nishapur in Iran, and Baghdad itself, al-Māwardī also served as a diplomat for the Abbasid caliphs al-Qadir (947–1031, r. 991–1031) and al-Qa’im (1001–1075, r. 1031–1075) in negotiations with the Buyid emirs.