This entry seeks to methodically examine the etymological origins, philosophical foundations, and economic principles of the concept of justice in the Islamic intellectual tradition. The concept of justice is rooted in the Arabic word “adl” and derives from the Bedouin practice of equally loading the two sides of a camel. This metaphor of balance is analogous to Aristotle’s concept of the “golden mean” (itidal), reflecting an understanding of justice that emphasizes virtuous behavior by avoiding extremes. Al-Fārābī, a prominent figure among the Peripatetic philosophers, integrated this theory into Islamic thought, defining justice as the fourth virtue that emerges from the perfection of the virtues of wisdom, courage, and chastity. Al-Fārābī further subdivided justice into two categories: “general” (moral) and “particular” (political-economic). He emphasized that social balance depends on the equitable distribution of material and moral rights. In the context of Islamic economics, justice is embodied in principles such as zakat, the prohibition of interest (ribā), honesty in measuring and weighing, and the limitation of private property. These principles, as outlined in the Qur’an, are designed to prevent the monopolization of wealth and to ensure fair distribution of income. This concept of fair distribution of surplus value is evident in the economic practices of the Ottoman Empire. Contrastingly, modern capitalist systems have forsaken transcendental references, thereby relegating justice to a secular and immanent framework. This shift has contributed to the exacerbation of income inequality through the dynamics of competition and the pursuit of unlimited profit. The present study contends that the Islamic conception of justice is ontologically founded on divine laws (Sharia) and self-discipline, whereas modernity has eroded this foundation, reducing justice to power and power relations. Consequently, the concept of justice, once shaped by balance and moderation in the classical period, has been reshaped within the context of global capitalism, deviating from its metaphysical foundations.