Mechanical Properties of the Extracellular Matrix

The mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are of utmost importance in understanding the dynamic interplay between cells and their microenvironment in both health and disease. The ECM actively regulates cellular behavior, while cells continuously modulate the ECM properties, which are closely linked to its composition and architecture. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the major components of the ECM and their influence on mechanical properties. The two primary models used to study ECM are discussed here: endogenously generated ECM through in vitro culture of matrix-producing cells and ECM obtained from tissue decellularization. Furthermore, various techniques for characterizing ECM biomechanics at macro- and micro-scale are presented, including tensile and compression testing, atomic force microscopy, and rheometry. Lastly, ECM-cell interactions measurements are presented, highlighting key techniques such as hydrogel contraction assays and traction force microscopy.