Scale of Protective Factors (SPF): Determinants of Resilience

The Scale of Protective Factors (SPF) was developed to assess psychological resilience, a multidimensional adaptive capacity. The SPF has a hierarchic factor structure that assesses four protective factors that determine resilience, including social support (SSup), social skills (SSkl), planning and prioritizing (Plan), and goal efficacy (GE). Each of these subscales has six items in the SPF-24 version and three items each in the SPF-12 brief version. The SPF has demonstrated good psychometric properties including internal consistency and validity across a wide range of samples and contexts. As a measure of adult resilience targeting emerging and young adults, researchers and clinicians can use the SPF to assess the effectiveness of intervention and prevention programs designed to enhance resilience by leveraging the unique milestones and tasks of this developmental transition. Through the identification of areas of strength and deficit, the SPF can assess the efficacy of professional training in workplace cohesion, teamwork, and goal management, thereby better targeting needs in the development of resilience. With translations in Dutch, Indonesian, Maltese, Spanish, Swedish, and Ukrainian, the SPF can be used in research and clinical practice across a wide range of cultures and contexts.