The current study reviews the concept of embeddedness with particular focus on how it influences women entrepreneurs in patriarchal societies. Embeddedness implies the people relate to their surroundings via social ties, which in turn influences their behaviors and norms which are deemed appropriate in particular context. Our discussion in this chapter revolves around how gender and spatial context influence women’s entrepreneurial opportunities and endeavors, how various contextual constraints may intervene for men and women and hence emphasizing that women are differently embedded compared to men. The chapter also highlights that the familial embeddedness, gender-power interaction and the intra-household resource allocation shape the family dynamics, which in turn forms and shapes the entrepreneurial initiative and activities women may pursue. We noticed that women exercise agency to respond to the internal family dynamics as well as to the broader norms prevailing in society. This led us to consider informal institutional embeddedness explicating how she negotiates with the family norms as well as the cultural norms and regulatory frameworks that may enable or constrain her entrepreneurial aspirations and actions. In the end, we wrapped up our discussion by emphasizing the multi-layered nature of embeddedness, the dual influence of context and agency, and multiple ways in which women entrepreneurs adopt to navigate and potentially transform the institutional barriers and redefine these contexts hence creating a space for themselves in patriarchal societies.

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Familial and Societal Institutional Embeddedness of Women Entrepreneur(ship)

  • Madiha Gohar,
  • Ayesha Abrar,
  • Fareesa Malik

摘要

The current study reviews the concept of embeddedness with particular focus on how it influences women entrepreneurs in patriarchal societies. Embeddedness implies the people relate to their surroundings via social ties, which in turn influences their behaviors and norms which are deemed appropriate in particular context. Our discussion in this chapter revolves around how gender and spatial context influence women’s entrepreneurial opportunities and endeavors, how various contextual constraints may intervene for men and women and hence emphasizing that women are differently embedded compared to men. The chapter also highlights that the familial embeddedness, gender-power interaction and the intra-household resource allocation shape the family dynamics, which in turn forms and shapes the entrepreneurial initiative and activities women may pursue. We noticed that women exercise agency to respond to the internal family dynamics as well as to the broader norms prevailing in society. This led us to consider informal institutional embeddedness explicating how she negotiates with the family norms as well as the cultural norms and regulatory frameworks that may enable or constrain her entrepreneurial aspirations and actions. In the end, we wrapped up our discussion by emphasizing the multi-layered nature of embeddedness, the dual influence of context and agency, and multiple ways in which women entrepreneurs adopt to navigate and potentially transform the institutional barriers and redefine these contexts hence creating a space for themselves in patriarchal societies.