Economic security of a nation means that a state has the capacity to fulfill the basic human needs (BHN) of every individual, irrespective of any other considerations. And how to pursue it in an age of globalized capitalism is the single most potential challenge before the Indian state. Hunger, food insecurity, poverty, and unemployment are the three core challenges to India’s economic security. This article begins with a conceptual understanding of economic security of the Indian state. It has also tried to sketch out how did the Indian state navigate the complex issues of food security, poverty, and unemployment in contemporary India. This chapter also looks at the recent human development indices in India in evaluating to what extent we have been successful in reducing hunger and malnutrition. This chapter lays down what should be the broad parameters of India’s economic and food security in a transformed world, keeping in mind the current trade war between the USA and the “Rest” of the world.