In 2021, the National Assembly passed the National Health Insurance Authority (NHIA) Bill. On 19 May 2022, the Bill received presidential assent and was signed into law. The National Health Insurance Authority Act 2022 repeals the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) Act 2004. Significantly, the NHIA Act 2022 makes health insurance mandatory. Making health insurance mandatory in Nigeria, where there is growing evidence of poverty, is a significant step toward improving access to quality and affordable healthcare for all Nigerians as well as legal residents. In essence, the NHIA Act provides the legislative farmwork from which to promote the right to health in Nigeria. By utilizing the functionalist theory of social policy this chapter contextualizes the NHIA Act within the analytical framework of human rights. Building on this analytical framework, the chapter critically assesses the prospects and challenges of implementing the NHIA Act. The chapter argues that beyond enacting the NHIA Act, it is pertinent to reconstruct the right to health as a fundamental right within the ambit of the constitutional legal framework in Nigeria. Although a herculean task, this proposition has the potential to trigger the effective implementation of the NHIA Act. Importantly, adopting a human rights approach is fundamental toward addressing inequalities in healthcare, while promoting accessible and quality healthcare for vulnerable citizens living in poverty.