Correlates of Child Multidimensional Poverty in Malawi
摘要
Child multidimensional poverty remains high in Malawi. Despite efforts to reduce it, the situation seems grave and has the potential to affect children. The study aims to analyze the child-specific, household, and community drivers of child multidimensional poverty. The study was conducted using data collected from the Fifth Integrated Household Survey (IHS5) by the National Statistical Office (NSO) between 2019 and 2020. We first estimate a logistic regression model to examine the correlates of child multidimensional poverty. We then apply the DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux (DFL) reweighting decomposition to assess the extent to which differences in observable characteristics explain the poverty gap across gender and between rural and urban children, by constructing counterfactual distributions of poverty outcomes. The incidence of child poverty was around 69%. The study finds a number of drivers of child multidimensional poverty, namely, residence, child age, distance to school, age of household head, household head education, household size, electricity, household expenditure, school feeding program, and agricultural market. Children residing in urban areas were 7.2% less likely to be multidimensionally poor compared to their counterparts in rural areas. The results show that as children grow older, their likelihood of experiencing multidimensional poverty increases. Specifically, each additional year of age is associated with about a 2.8% higher probability of being multidimensionally poor. The house which is connected to national electricity grid experiences 32% less chance of having a child who is multidimensionally poor. The availability of agricultural market in the community reduces the chance of child poverty by 4.6%. The decomposition analysis shows that the distribution of child multidimensional poverty due to household size is the same for all gender for households with more than five members significant for households with less than five members. The household with annual income level of less than MK 50,000, if the gender was exchanged from male to female, the distribution of poverty would have been different. If we exchange the rural and urban child, the distribution of their poverty would be different at a given level of income below MK 50,000. The study recommends deliberate policy by government and other stakeholders to balance the resource allocation between rural and urban areas, scale up existing adult education across Malawi, expand access to electricity and affordability, control birth, and expand school feeding programs.