The global energy transition—driven by electrification, renewable energy, and energy storage—has sharply increased demand for a handful of “critical minerals” (cobalt, lithium, nickel, graphite, and rare earths). The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) occupies a central position in this transformation: Its cobalt production underpins large segments of the li-ion battery supply chain, while shortcomings in governance, social protections, and environmental safeguards create acute resilience risks. This chapter synthesizes theoretical perspectives (resource governance, geopolitics of critical minerals, and socio-ecological resilience), maps policy and institutional dynamics in Congo’s Lualaba–Katanga mining corridors, evaluates green-mining and traceability innovations, and proposes a forward-looking governance agenda that centers community rights, ecological integrity, circularity, and regional value capture. The chapter argues that resilient governance must harmonize state stewardship, multistakeholder due diligence, technological traceability, and locally rooted social and environmental safeguards to turn critical-minerals wealth into a durable green-economy dividend rather than a renewed resource curse.