Africa faces accelerating socio-ecological pressures—including climate variability, water scarcity, land degradation, and biodiversity loss—that increasingly threaten livelihoods and long-term development trajectories. Addressing these challenges requires governance systems capable of processing complex environmental data, anticipating risks, and enabling equitable allocation of scarce resources. This entry explores how artificial intelligence (AI) can strengthen sustainable resource management and enhance ecosystem resilience across the continent. AI-enabled tools, such as remote sensing analytics, machine-learning forecasting models, mobile-based citizen observatories, and intelligent decision-support platforms, provide governments and communities with improved accuracy in monitoring environmental change, predicting hazards, and optimizing interventions. Yet the transformative potential of AI depends on governance design. Effective outcomes emerge when AI systems are embedded within transparent, participatory, and polycentric governance structures that respect local knowledge, institutional diversity, and data sovereignty. African experiences demonstrate that hybrid human–AI decision loops, community validation of satellite data, and explainable AI interfaces enhance trust, legitimacy, and accountability. However, critical challenges persist, including uneven digital capacity, algorithmic bias, inadequate regulatory frameworks, and risks of techno-solutionism that bypass sociocultural realities. The entry concludes by proposing an ethical and inclusive governance framework grounded in coproduction, resilience thinking, and multilevel coordination. The framework outlines pathways for integrating AI into water governance, agriculture, forestry, and coastal systems, positioning AI as a catalyst for equitable and sustainable resource futures in Africa.