Development of Personality Throughout the Life Cycle

Personality traits are basic, fundamental differences between individuals which remain consistent over time. In trait psychology, personality is often conceptualized as sets of broad domains encompassing different traits, while integrative frameworks seek to paint a fuller picture of the human personality within a larger cultural context. Behavior patterns analogous to personality traits can be found in animals, as well as in early temperamental traits of infants, suggesting a biological basis. Personality’s biological basis is also supported by twin studies and genome-wide studies. Nevertheless, personality traits are not impervious to the environment and time, being influenced by myriad of factors such as the in utero environment, caregivers, attachment, life experiences, cultural norms, and socioeconomic contexts. This chapter explores the development of personality, from the temperament of infants and attachment styles of toddlers to personality pathology and complex character of adults and the interactions between the developing personality and the environment.