Despite the cultural prejudices which assumed that women lacked capacity for rational thought and that it was improper for them to argue in print, much philosophical work was produced by Romantic-era women in English, German, and French. This writing constantly intertwined with religious discourse, including prophecy. It often took unsystematic forms, such as translation, fiction, letters, or poetry; and it often emerged from or in parallel to sociable exchange, including with men. Women’s educational theory, usually indebted to John Locke and involving critical appropriations of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, served as a gateway to reflection on topics such as epistemology, social justice and (animal) ethics—Mary Wollstonecraft’s work being a key example. Ancient models of philosophy remained constantly relevant, above all Stoicism, whose currency as a practical aid to living well owed much to Elizabeth Carter’s monumental translation of Epictetus. Epicurean motifs appear in the letters of Mary Hays and the poetry of Anna Letitia Barbauld; virtue ethics, associated with Aristotle, informs ethical dilemmas in Jane Austen’s novel plots. Female participants in Early German Romanticism enjoyed a particularly rich context for philosophical writing, as signaled by recent reappraisals of (among others) Sophie Mereau, Dorothea Schlegel, and Karoline von Günderrode. Germaine de Staël’s writing on philosophy, in particular, was informed by a unique network and had lasting influence.