The evolution of graphics controllers has been a pivotal aspect of the development of modern computing. The first graphics controllers, dating back to the 1950s, were modified oscilloscopes or vector scope controllers using vacuum tubes. They laid the groundwork for the sophisticated graphics capabilities we enjoy today. In the 1980s, suppliers of workstations, graphics terminals, and PCs began building their own graphics controllers using commercially available integrated circuits. A significant milestone was reached in 1981 when IBM introduced the PC, accompanied by a basic add-in graphics board known as the Color Graphics Adaptor (CGA). Notably, Matrox Electronics was the first company to develop a graphics board specifically designed for microcomputers or home computers. Meanwhile, Hercules pioneered the development of add-in graphics boards featuring bit-mapped programmable displays. The early 1990s saw the PC market expanding rapidly, creating an open and chaotic environment reminiscent of the Wild West. Games have consistently been an integral part of computing, spanning various platforms from minicomputers and microcomputers to PCs, tablets, smartphones, and dedicated gaming consoles. The application program interface (API) and software driver play a crucial role in bridging the gap between hardware and application. As new hardware entered the market, manufacturers had to develop drivers that were compatible with existing applications and operating systems. Often, this involved creating a translator that could convert the manufacturer’s new hardware instructions to mimic the behavior of prior equipment. The 1990s witnessed the API wars, a period of competition and fragmentation in the industry. However, this came to an end in 1995 when Microsoft’s DirectX API gained widespread adoption. The introduction of Independent OpenGL in 2000 catered to professional graphics needs, and the multi-platform Vulkan API, launched in 2015, further expanded the possibilities for graphics development. At the heart of the display system lies the graphics controller, which serves as the image generator. This critical component is responsible for rendering the visual output that we see on our screens, making it a fundamental part of modern computing (Fig. 6.1). Geometry management was added to the graphics controller in 1999, converting it into a graphics processing unit (GPU). The GPUs’ massive parallelism and scalability led to the explosion of AI training in the 2010s to 2020s and beyond.