Although research ethics governance varies by geographical location, the core principles of the ethical review process remain relatively consistent and play a critical role in mitigating risks associated with microbiome research. This chapter reviews common practices, including adherence to the International Council for Harmonisation’s Guideline for Good Clinical Practice (ICH GCP), independent review, oversight structures, participant protection, informed consent, and public involvement. It also addresses the unique ethical responsibilities of microbiome researchers, such as promoting health equity and ensuring data protection.