In this work, we aim to give a thorough treatment of artificial intelligence in the domain of molecular neuroimaging. It will be divided between two broad portions. First, we will give a brief overview of the usage of molecular imaging methods within clinical practice, before presenting the principles and mechanisms of nuclear imaging. Second, we will discuss image preprocessing operations relevant to studies performed on neuroimaging data and give a thorough review of many methods within traditional machine learning and the more recent field of deep learning.