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The blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly selective semipermeable membrane with tight junctions formed from closely wedged epithelial cells, stands as a formidable fortress, intricately regulating the exchange between the bloodstream and the brain. However, in the face of injury, this sentinel can falter, leading to a cascade of neurological consequences. The BBB disruption causes an imbalance in tight junction proteins, adherens junction proteins, matrix metalloproteinases, cell adhesion molecules, and a myriad of neuroinflammatory proteins. Therefore, the modalities which can enable the accurate detection of BBB breach in advance via protein biomarker assay to underpin targeted medicines is of growing priority. In this chapter, we will summarize the BBB pathology measurement methods used in the detection of microvascular protein biomarkers such as western blot, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, we also emphasize on the BBB genomics and the method used to detect functionally related BBB genes in preclinical model. Each technique and method constitutes a key to decoding the complex interplay of biomarkers, offering valuable insights into the diagnosis and potential therapeutic avenues for a myriad of neurological disorders.

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Biomarkers for Microvascular Proteins Detection: Blood-Brain Barrier Injury and Damage Measurement (IH, IF, EM, and Quantification of Tight Junction Integrity)

  • 实验方案

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Carlos Henrique Rocha Catalao,
  • Christopher Beeghly,
  • Ngozi Iwunze,
  • Tatiana Barichello,
  • Vijayasree V. Giridharan

摘要

The blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly selective semipermeable membrane with tight junctions formed from closely wedged epithelial cells, stands as a formidable fortress, intricately regulating the exchange between the bloodstream and the brain. However, in the face of injury, this sentinel can falter, leading to a cascade of neurological consequences. The BBB disruption causes an imbalance in tight junction proteins, adherens junction proteins, matrix metalloproteinases, cell adhesion molecules, and a myriad of neuroinflammatory proteins. Therefore, the modalities which can enable the accurate detection of BBB breach in advance via protein biomarker assay to underpin targeted medicines is of growing priority. In this chapter, we will summarize the BBB pathology measurement methods used in the detection of microvascular protein biomarkers such as western blot, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, we also emphasize on the BBB genomics and the method used to detect functionally related BBB genes in preclinical model. Each technique and method constitutes a key to decoding the complex interplay of biomarkers, offering valuable insights into the diagnosis and potential therapeutic avenues for a myriad of neurological disorders.